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Contents

Integrated Pest Management – 1990

Pest control methods (mainly chemical) are only used when there is a danger to the vines.
+ Authorized additives

Bio – 1962

0% chemicals in the vineyard
Max 100 mg sulphite* per liter for red wines
Max 150 mg/L for whites
40+ authorized additives

Biodynamics – 1924

0% chemicals
0% added ingredients (yeast, sulfites…)
+ Authorized animal substances (egg white,
gelatin, fish glue for gluing wine**)
+ Cow horn used as medicine
homeopathic for vines.
+ Consideration of lunar and planetary rhythms

Nature – early 2010s

0% chemicals
0% chemical additives
+ Authorized natural yeasts
+ Authorized animal substances

* Sulphites are used to stabilize wine for preservation.

** Wine fining: this stage consists of using a binder to agglomerate floating particles in the wine to optimize filtration. This is by no means a compulsory step.